Finger SignsĀ¶
Run in Google ColabObjective: Train a Convolutional Neural Network and a Residual Neural Network to classify a collection of six finger signs representing numbers from 0 to 5.
A Residual Network (ResNet) is a deep learning architecture that addresses the problem of training very deep neural networks. The key innovation of ResNet is the introduction of residual connections, also known as skip connections, which allow the network to learn residual functions with reference to the layer inputs. This enables the network to bypass the vanishing gradient problem, where gradients become smaller as they propagate through deep layers, making it difficult to train very deep networks.
Import librariesĀ¶
InĀ [1]:
import numpy as np
import h5py
from datetime import datetime
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.metrics import classification_report, ConfusionMatrixDisplay
from keras import Sequential, Input, layers, applications, Model, optimizers, callbacks
import tensorflow as tf
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
sns.set_style("whitegrid")
2025-01-02 15:23:51.896386: E external/local_xla/xla/stream_executor/cuda/cuda_fft.cc:477] Unable to register cuFFT factory: Attempting to register factory for plugin cuFFT when one has already been registered WARNING: All log messages before absl::InitializeLog() is called are written to STDERR E0000 00:00:1735853031.910198 186891 cuda_dnn.cc:8310] Unable to register cuDNN factory: Attempting to register factory for plugin cuDNN when one has already been registered E0000 00:00:1735853031.914356 186891 cuda_blas.cc:1418] Unable to register cuBLAS factory: Attempting to register factory for plugin cuBLAS when one has already been registered 2025-01-02 15:23:51.928496: I tensorflow/core/platform/cpu_feature_guard.cc:210] This TensorFlow binary is optimized to use available CPU instructions in performance-critical operations. To enable the following instructions: AVX2 FMA, in other operations, rebuild TensorFlow with the appropriate compiler flags.
Download the datasetĀ¶
InĀ [2]:
%%bash
wget -nc --progress=bar:force:noscroll https://raw.githubusercontent.com/LuisAngelMendozaVelasco/Deep_Learning_Specialization/main/Convolutional_Neural_Networks/Week1/Labs/datasets/test_signs.h5 -P /tmp
wget -nc --progress=bar:force:noscroll https://raw.githubusercontent.com/LuisAngelMendozaVelasco/Deep_Learning_Specialization/main/Convolutional_Neural_Networks/Week1/Labs/datasets/train_signs.h5.gz -P /tmp
gunzip -kf /tmp/train_signs.h5.gz
File '/tmp/test_signs.h5' already there; not retrieving. File '/tmp/train_signs.h5.gz' already there; not retrieving.
Load the datasetĀ¶
InĀ [3]:
dataset = h5py.File('/tmp/train_signs.h5', "r")
X = dataset["train_set_x"][:]
y = dataset["train_set_y"][:]
X_train, X_validation, y_train, y_validation = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.1, random_state=0)
dataset_test = h5py.File('/tmp/test_signs.h5', "r")
X_test = dataset_test["test_set_x"][:]
y_test = dataset_test["test_set_y"][:]
ds_train = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((X_train, tf.one_hot(y_train, 6))).batch(32)
ds_validation = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((X_test, tf.one_hot(y_test, 6))).batch(32)
classes = dataset_test["list_classes"][:].astype(str)
I0000 00:00:1735853033.887471 186891 gpu_device.cc:2022] Created device /job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:0 with 1966 MB memory: -> device: 0, name: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1650, pci bus id: 0000:01:00.0, compute capability: 7.5
InĀ [4]:
print("Number of training samples:", X_train.shape[0])
print("Number of validation samples:", X_validation.shape[0])
print("Number of test samples:", X_test.shape[0])
print("Each image has a shape of", X_train.shape[1:])
Number of training samples: 972 Number of validation samples: 108 Number of test samples: 120 Each image has a shape of (64, 64, 3)
Visualize the datasetĀ¶
InĀ [5]:
indexes = np.random.choice(range(0, X_train.shape[0]), size=16, replace=False)
samples = zip(X_train[indexes], y_train[indexes])
fig, axs = plt.subplots(4, 4, figsize=(8, 8))
fig.suptitle('Random samples')
for ax, sample in zip(axs.flatten(), samples):
ax.imshow(sample[0])
ax.set_title(classes[sample[1]])
ax.axis("off")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
Visualize the class distributionĀ¶
InĀ [6]:
labels, sizes = np.unique(y_train, return_counts=True)
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.pie(sizes, textprops={'color': "w", 'fontsize': '12'}, autopct=lambda pct: "{:.2f}%\n({:d})".format(pct, round(pct/100 * sum(sizes))))
ax.legend(labels)
ax.set_title("Class")
plt.show()
Build a Convolutional Neural NetworkĀ¶
InĀ [7]:
model_CNN = Sequential([Input(shape=(64, 64, 3)),
# Rescale
layers.Rescaling(scale=1 / 255),
# Data augmentation
layers.RandomFlip(mode="horizontal"),
layers.RandomTranslation(height_factor=0.2, width_factor=0.2, fill_mode="nearest"),
layers.RandomRotation(factor=0.2, fill_mode="nearest"),
layers.RandomZoom(height_factor=0.2, width_factor=0.2, fill_mode="nearest"),
# Convolutional layers
layers.Conv2D(16, 3, padding='same', activation='relu'),
layers.MaxPooling2D(),
layers.Conv2D(32, 3, padding='same', activation='relu'),
layers.MaxPooling2D(),
layers.Conv2D(64, 3, padding='same', activation='relu'),
layers.MaxPooling2D(),
# Deep layers
layers.Flatten(),
layers.Dense(128, activation="relu"),
layers.Dense(6, activation="softmax")])
model_CNN.summary()
Model: "sequential"
āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā³āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā³āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā ā Layer (type) ā Output Shape ā Param # ā ā”āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā© ā rescaling (Rescaling) ā (None, 64, 64, 3) ā 0 ā āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¤ ā random_flip (RandomFlip) ā (None, 64, 64, 3) ā 0 ā āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¤ ā random_translation ā (None, 64, 64, 3) ā 0 ā ā (RandomTranslation) ā ā ā āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¤ ā random_rotation ā (None, 64, 64, 3) ā 0 ā ā (RandomRotation) ā ā ā āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¤ ā random_zoom (RandomZoom) ā (None, 64, 64, 3) ā 0 ā āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¤ ā conv2d (Conv2D) ā (None, 64, 64, 16) ā 448 ā āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¤ ā max_pooling2d (MaxPooling2D) ā (None, 32, 32, 16) ā 0 ā āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¤ ā conv2d_1 (Conv2D) ā (None, 32, 32, 32) ā 4,640 ā āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¤ ā max_pooling2d_1 (MaxPooling2D) ā (None, 16, 16, 32) ā 0 ā āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¤ ā conv2d_2 (Conv2D) ā (None, 16, 16, 64) ā 18,496 ā āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¤ ā max_pooling2d_2 (MaxPooling2D) ā (None, 8, 8, 64) ā 0 ā āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¤ ā flatten (Flatten) ā (None, 4096) ā 0 ā āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¤ ā dense (Dense) ā (None, 128) ā 524,416 ā āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¤ ā dense_1 (Dense) ā (None, 6) ā 774 ā āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā“āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā“āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā
Total params: 548,774 (2.09 MB)
Trainable params: 548,774 (2.09 MB)
Non-trainable params: 0 (0.00 B)
Create a custom callbackĀ¶
InĀ [8]:
class CustomVerbose(callbacks.Callback):
def __init__(self, epochs_to_show):
self.epochs_to_show = epochs_to_show
def on_epoch_begin(self, epoch, logs=None):
if epoch in self.epochs_to_show:
self.epoch_start_time = datetime.now()
def on_epoch_end(self, epoch, logs=None):
if epoch in self.epochs_to_show:
self.epoch_stop_time = datetime.now()
print(f"Epoch {epoch+1}/{self.epochs_to_show[-1] + 1}")
print(f"\telapsed time: {(self.epoch_stop_time - self.epoch_start_time).total_seconds():.3f}s - accuracy: {logs['categorical_accuracy']:.4f} - loss: {logs['loss']:.4f} - val_accuracy: {logs['val_categorical_accuracy']:.4f} - val_loss: {logs['val_loss']:.4f}")
Compile and train the modelĀ¶
InĀ [9]:
model_CNN.compile(optimizer="adam", loss='categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['categorical_accuracy'])
epochs = 500
epochs_to_show = [0] + [i for i in range(int(epochs/10)-1, epochs, int(epochs/10))]
custom_verbose = CustomVerbose(epochs_to_show)
early_stopping = callbacks.EarlyStopping(monitor='val_loss', patience=int(epochs/10), verbose=1)
history_CNN = model_CNN.fit(ds_train, epochs=epochs, verbose=0, validation_data=ds_validation, callbacks=[custom_verbose, early_stopping])
I0000 00:00:1735853037.700099 186973 cuda_dnn.cc:529] Loaded cuDNN version 90300
Epoch 1/500 elapsed time: 3.509s - accuracy: 0.1770 - loss: 1.7999 - val_accuracy: 0.1667 - val_loss: 1.7859 Epoch 50/500 elapsed time: 0.197s - accuracy: 0.8086 - loss: 0.4918 - val_accuracy: 0.8583 - val_loss: 0.3117 Epoch 100/500 elapsed time: 0.193s - accuracy: 0.9033 - loss: 0.2863 - val_accuracy: 0.9667 - val_loss: 0.0991 Epoch 150/500 elapsed time: 0.198s - accuracy: 0.9300 - loss: 0.1889 - val_accuracy: 0.9833 - val_loss: 0.0784 Epoch 200/500 elapsed time: 0.191s - accuracy: 0.9342 - loss: 0.1791 - val_accuracy: 0.9750 - val_loss: 0.0640 Epoch 215: early stopping
InĀ [10]:
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(15, 5))
ax1.plot(history_CNN.history['categorical_accuracy'])
ax1.plot(history_CNN.history['val_categorical_accuracy'])
ax1.set_xlabel("Epochs")
ax1.set_ylabel("Accuracy")
ax1.legend(["Training", "Validation"])
ax2.plot(history_CNN.history['loss'])
ax2.plot(history_CNN.history['val_loss'])
ax2.set_xlabel("Epochs")
ax2.set_ylabel("Loss")
ax2.legend(["Training", "Validation"])
plt.show()
Evaluate the modelĀ¶
InĀ [11]:
indexes = np.random.choice(range(0, X_test.shape[0]), size=16, replace=False)
fig, axs = plt.subplots(4, 4, figsize=(8, 8))
fig.suptitle('Random samples')
for image, ax in zip(X_test[indexes], axs.flatten()):
prediction_proba = model_CNN.predict(np.expand_dims(image, axis=0), verbose=0)
ax.imshow(image)
ax.set_title("Prediction: " + classes[np.argmax(prediction_proba.squeeze())])
ax.axis("off")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
InĀ [12]:
y_pred = []
for image in X_test:
prediction_proba = model_CNN.predict(np.expand_dims(image, axis=0), verbose=0)
y_pred.append(np.argmax(prediction_proba.squeeze()))
print(classification_report(y_test, y_pred, digits=4))
ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_predictions(y_test, y_pred)
plt.grid(False)
plt.show()
precision recall f1-score support
0 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 20
1 0.9524 1.0000 0.9756 20
2 1.0000 0.9500 0.9744 20
3 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 20
4 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 20
5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 20
accuracy 0.9917 120
macro avg 0.9921 0.9917 0.9917 120
weighted avg 0.9921 0.9917 0.9917 120
Build a Residual Neural Network using the ResNET50V2 architecture as a baseĀ¶
InĀ [13]:
ResNet50V2 = applications.ResNet50V2(include_top=False, input_shape=(64, 64, 3))
data_augmentation = Sequential([layers.RandomFlip(mode="horizontal"),
layers.RandomTranslation(height_factor=0.2, width_factor=0.2, fill_mode="nearest"),
layers.RandomRotation(factor=0.2, fill_mode="nearest"),
layers.RandomZoom(height_factor=0.2, width_factor=0.2, fill_mode="nearest")])
inputs = Input(shape=(64, 64, 3))
x = data_augmentation(inputs)
x = applications.resnet_v2.preprocess_input(x)
x = ResNet50V2(x)
x = layers.GlobalAveragePooling2D()(x)
outputs = layers.Dense(6, activation="softmax")(x)
model_ResNet = Model(inputs, outputs)
model_ResNet.summary()
Model: "functional_2"
āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā³āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā³āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā ā Layer (type) ā Output Shape ā Param # ā ā”āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā© ā input_layer_2 (InputLayer) ā (None, 64, 64, 3) ā 0 ā āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¤ ā sequential_1 (Sequential) ā (None, 64, 64, 3) ā 0 ā āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¤ ā true_divide (TrueDivide) ā (None, 64, 64, 3) ā 0 ā āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¤ ā subtract (Subtract) ā (None, 64, 64, 3) ā 0 ā āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¤ ā resnet50v2 (Functional) ā (None, 2, 2, 2048) ā 23,564,800 ā āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¤ ā global_average_pooling2d ā (None, 2048) ā 0 ā ā (GlobalAveragePooling2D) ā ā ā āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¼āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā¤ ā dense_2 (Dense) ā (None, 6) ā 12,294 ā āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā“āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā“āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā
Total params: 23,577,094 (89.94 MB)
Trainable params: 23,531,654 (89.77 MB)
Non-trainable params: 45,440 (177.50 KB)
Compile and train the modelĀ¶
InĀ [14]:
model_ResNet.compile(optimizer=optimizers.Adam(5e-5), loss='categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['categorical_accuracy'])
epochs = 100
epochs_to_show = [0] + [i for i in range(int(epochs/10)-1, epochs, int(epochs/10))]
custom_verbose = CustomVerbose(epochs_to_show)
early_stopping = callbacks.EarlyStopping(monitor='val_loss', patience=int(epochs/10), verbose=1)
history_ResNet = model_ResNet.fit(ds_train, epochs=epochs, verbose=0, validation_data=ds_validation, callbacks=[custom_verbose, early_stopping])
Epoch 1/100 elapsed time: 31.244s - accuracy: 0.2521 - loss: 1.9734 - val_accuracy: 0.2750 - val_loss: 2.3893 Epoch 10/100 elapsed time: 3.806s - accuracy: 0.7891 - loss: 0.5622 - val_accuracy: 0.8083 - val_loss: 0.6463 Epoch 20/100 elapsed time: 3.808s - accuracy: 0.8909 - loss: 0.2906 - val_accuracy: 0.9250 - val_loss: 0.2013 Epoch 30/100 elapsed time: 3.790s - accuracy: 0.9414 - loss: 0.1715 - val_accuracy: 0.9583 - val_loss: 0.1158 Epoch 39: early stopping
InĀ [15]:
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(15, 5))
ax1.plot(history_ResNet.history['categorical_accuracy'])
ax1.plot(history_ResNet.history['val_categorical_accuracy'])
ax1.set_xlabel("Epochs")
ax1.set_ylabel("Accuracy")
ax1.legend(["Training", "Validation"])
ax2.plot(history_ResNet.history['loss'])
ax2.plot(history_ResNet.history['val_loss'])
ax2.set_xlabel("Epochs")
ax2.set_ylabel("Loss")
ax2.legend(["Training", "Validation"])
plt.show()
Evaluate the modelĀ¶
InĀ [16]:
indexes = np.random.choice(range(0, X_test.shape[0]), size=16, replace=False)
fig, axs = plt.subplots(4, 4, figsize=(8, 8))
fig.suptitle('Random samples')
for image, ax in zip(X_test[indexes], axs.flatten()):
prediction_proba = model_ResNet.predict(np.expand_dims(image, axis=0), verbose=0)
ax.imshow(image)
ax.set_title("Prediction: " + classes[np.argmax(prediction_proba.squeeze())])
ax.axis("off")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
InĀ [17]:
y_pred = []
for image in X_test:
prediction_proba = model_ResNet.predict(np.expand_dims(image, axis=0), verbose=0)
y_pred.append(np.argmax(prediction_proba.squeeze()))
print(classification_report(y_test, y_pred, digits=4))
ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_predictions(y_test, y_pred)
plt.grid(False)
plt.show()
precision recall f1-score support
0 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 20
1 0.9000 0.9000 0.9000 20
2 0.8889 0.8000 0.8421 20
3 0.9091 1.0000 0.9524 20
4 1.0000 0.9500 0.9744 20
5 0.9524 1.0000 0.9756 20
accuracy 0.9417 120
macro avg 0.9417 0.9417 0.9407 120
weighted avg 0.9417 0.9417 0.9407 120
